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over the past

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decades we've struggled to see beyond

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the atmosphere lying between earth and

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space

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even from mountaintop observatories the

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atmosphere has blurred our view of the

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universe

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and because the atmosphere absorbs

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certain forms of energy

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our knowledge of celestial phenomena has

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been limited

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one answer has been to go beyond the

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atmosphere

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in fact between the late 60s and the

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late 70s nasa launched a series of

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special purpose observatories

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revealing ultraviolet sources such as

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very hot stars and very young

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stars these satellites made tremendous

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breakthroughs

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and encouraged astronomers to move on to

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larger observatories

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seeking answers about more distant

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galaxies mysterious pulsars

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and quasars and the universe

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itself astronomers envisioned the next

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step

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a multi-purpose observatory in space

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one that could image farther and more

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clearly than its predecessors

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uncovering phenomena in ultraviolet

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visible and near infrared regions of the

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spectrum

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an observatory that could expand our

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perception to the outer reaches of the

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universe

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that next step was hst nasa's hubble

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space telescope

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with its precision optics and diverse

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nasa is responsible for developing

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operating and maintaining this

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ground-sized space observatory

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with its unparalleled goals the hubble

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space telescope

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poses a much greater challenge to

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operate than ground-based observatories

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so

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led by nasa engineers scientists and

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researchers from universities

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industries and the european space agency

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have combined

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efforts to meet the challenge of

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operating hubble space telescope

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the result is one of the most complex

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operations and maintenance systems in

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the world

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one that ensures quality observations

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and spacecraft performance

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to take a closer look we started the

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space telescope science institute in

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baltimore maryland

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aura a consortium of american

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universities operates the institute for

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nasa

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the space telescope science institute is

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the international center for science

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activities with hst

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it plans the day-to-day observations and

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sets up the long-term

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science program astronomers first come

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in contact with the institute when they

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submit their proposed science program

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as with any major observatory the demand

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for the telescope

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exceeds the time available we expect to

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receive

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over a thousand proposals a year and

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only 200 can be conducted

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a committee of international astronomers

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selects the proposals based on their

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scientific merit

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because the hst offers several hundred

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instrument configurations

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our scientists work with the selected

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researchers to detail their observations

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next numerous proposals are incorporated

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into a week-long

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observing schedule that ensures the

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efficient use of every telescope minute

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there are many many factors involved in

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scheduling observations with the space

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telescope

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there are many instruments onboard a

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space telescope within the same

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instrument

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there are several observing modes even

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the simplest

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observation requires using different

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filters

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we may also have to revisit the same

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target at different times of the year

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we want to maximize the time spent

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observing with the space telescope

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and minimize the time wasted moving the

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telescope around

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therefore we will group the observations

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to happen in the same area of the sky

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we also want to use the same instrument

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for

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long periods of time even weeks at a

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time to minimize

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switching instruments on and off

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before the telescope schedule can be

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completed another essential factor is

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entered

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the guide stars to establish guide stars

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for operations

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the institute has converted 1500

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photographic plates of the sky

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into a catalog of 15 million stars

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using the catalog the institute's

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computer selects

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guide stars for each target hst

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stabilizes on a target by finding and

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locking onto

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two guide stars with its precision

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guidance sensors

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the sensors detect any minor drift from

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the guide stars

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and correct the spacecraft's position

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through the onboard computers

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with the guide stars and other system

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factors incorporated

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the institute produces a week-long

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schedule which specifies

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when where and how hst science

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instruments will be used

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from the institute the science schedule

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is transmitted to the space

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telescope operations control center

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located at goddard space flight center

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in greenbelt maryland

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this is the nerve center of hst's ground

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system

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the science schedule automatically goes

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into one of the control center computer

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systems

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which adds commands for operating and

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maintaining the observatory

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these new commands cover such operations

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as moving the telescope

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or pointing its communications antennas

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the system also schedules links to

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nasa's communications satellites

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merging both the science and spacecraft

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commands

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the computer generates a master schedule

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for the week

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if this second by second schedule

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printed out the stack would be one to

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two feet high

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commands are sent to hst's two on-board

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computers

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which on an average day carry out over

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12 000 commands

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the spacecraft's safety is also

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a typical satellite has about a thousand

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parameters that must be monitored

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hst has about six thousand

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these parameters include specific

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spacecraft temperatures

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voltages electrical currents and the

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condition of its computers

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our engineers must instantly recognize

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the codes for each function

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interpret their measurements and take

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immediate action if something is unusual

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because the engineers are overrun with

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data we became concerned about the

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potential for human error

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to minimize this possibility we are

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developing an artificial intelligence

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system

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that automates much of the analysis

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if the system finds something amiss it

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tells the operator

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eventually it will also prescribe a

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solution

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before the actual observations begin

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nasa must calibrate hst's various

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systems

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during a crucial seven-month period

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following launch marshall space flight

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center located in huntsville alabama

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was responsible for building hst

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early in the calibration process

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marshall personnel managed the

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spacecraft's initial checkout

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from goddard's control center

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at the beginning of deployment the

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shuttle bay doors open

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and the arbiter applies power to hst

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communication is then established

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between the ground control center

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and the spacecraft to verify proper

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configuration

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and to activate basic systems for

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thermal safety

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next the arbiter's arm lifts hst out of

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the bay

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so the telescope's solar arrays and

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antennas can be extended

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the arm releases the observatory into

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orbit some 300 miles above the earth

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hst's solar arrays are oriented properly

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to convert the sun's energy into

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electrical power for the observatory

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the arbiter stays nearby for about two

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days after release

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in case hst needs further assistance

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during this early critical period

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once we establish that the spacecraft

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can operate on its own

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the arbiter returns to earth meanwhile

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ground control engineers continue to

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verify

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that major components are up and running

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and that the telescope is pointing

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properly

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next through a long series of

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calibrations the telescope

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mirrors star trackers fine guidance

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sensors and rate gyros are aligned

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at approximately the end of the first

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month marshall officially turns

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responsibility for hst operations over

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to goddard

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during the second month goddard conducts

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further telescope calibrations

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and early checkout of the science

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instruments

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subsequent checkout of the optics and

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the instruments occurs during the

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remaining five months

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only then can the long-awaited

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to make these observations hst's

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commands

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must travel an intricate path the

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science commands from the institute are

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integrated with

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spacecraft commands at goddard's control

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center

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ultimately the signals are relayed to a

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nasa

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tracking and data relay satellite

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orbiting 23 000 miles above earth

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the commands then go into hst's onboard

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computers to be implemented

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this path reverses when data gathered by

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an observation is sent back to earth

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with commands loaded into its computers

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the telescope automatically proceeds

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with observations

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in this case hst pivots slowly to its

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new target

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light from the target goes down the

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telescope and hits the primary mirror

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it reflects back to the secondary mirror

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reduced to a narrow beam the light is

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aimed back to the focal plane just

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behind it

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the image is directed to hst's fine

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guidance sensors

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which locate and lock onto guide stars

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on either side of the target

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with hst now centered on its target the

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light travels into the science

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instruments which will make the

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observation

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the instrument shutters open the correct

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filter is selected and hst begins its

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while most observations are pre-planned

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10 percent require real-time interaction

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at the institute by scientists

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real-time observations with the space

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telescope defy pre-programming

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for example we want to observe the red

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spots

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on jupiter this is a complicated

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operation because the planet moves

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and it also rotates in order to be able

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to do this we have to take an early

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picture of the planet

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send information down to the ground and

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then

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have an operator make a very quick

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decision as to exactly

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where the instrument that is being used

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has to be pointed

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this is a very challenging operation

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indeed

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within 24 hours of an observation the

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observer can obtain the data from the

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science institute's data

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archive and distribution service the

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investigator who submitted the proposal

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has exclusive rights to this information

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for one year

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after this period the data is available

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to scientists around the world serving

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as an hst library

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the archive will distribute an

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equivalent of 500 million pages of

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information

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over a single year the observations are

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distributed through worldwide

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astronomical computer networks

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are through optical disks magnetic tapes

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and photographs astronomers can use this

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information at their home institution

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to further their own research

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from this data who can say what great

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discoveries will be made

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astronomers hope for answers about black

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holes

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the evolution of galaxies and the size

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of our universe

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looking to the future to ensure the

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continuous flow of such exciting data

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nasa has created contingency plans

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in contrast to the unexpected repair of

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the solar maximum mission spacecraft in

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1984

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nasa has prepared for hst's on orbit

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hst is designed and developed by nasa

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for on-orbit servicing by astronauts

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consequently hst instruments and various

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this allows the astronauts to replace

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degradable parts such as solar arrays

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and batteries during routine servicing

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missions

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the modular design also makes it

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possible to update the observatory with

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new instruments

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during the first planned maintenance

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mission for the hst

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we expect to remove one of the original

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scientific instruments and replace it

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with a near-infrared instrument

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the first scientific instruments on the

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hst are sensitive to the ultraviolet

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and visible portions of the

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electromagnetic spectrum

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when we add an infrared capability we

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will be able to examine regions such as

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this

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where stars are in the process of

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formation today

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and we'll also be able to probe still

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further back

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hubble space telescope operations can be

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compared to the complexity and challenge

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of the operations necessary to send

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astronauts to the moon the expertise of

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thousands of individuals has contributed

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to the innovative

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science instruments computer systems

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information systems and maintenance

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hardware that constitute hst's

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operations network

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this elaborate system supporting hubble

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space telescope

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promises long-sought answers to

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universal questions

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exciting discoveries to ponder and